住宅设计初期研究笔记及演讲幻灯片:
下文为演讲文本:
亚洲城市已经跻身全世界增长最快,最令人振奋的城市行列,但它们面临的挑战也最大:实现以人为本、可持续性的城市规划、随着城市人口越来越多,城市对国家政治、社会和文化的影响也会越来越大。
Daniel Libeskind said:"I think it's the greastest from of art to creat a residential building."
自2007年开始,城市人口有史以来首次与农村人口持平,在这种态势下,从2007年开始,城市人口增长也将大大超过农村人口的增长。到2050年,世界人口的三分之二--预计约60亿人-----将生活在城市里。亚洲城市化的周期将要长一些,到2050年城市人口才会超过农村人口,然而亚洲是世界上城市人口最多的大洲,在推动世界整体城市化进程中起到了重要作用。
土地开发密集一直是人口密度高的亚洲城市一大特色,中国尤为突出。随着近年中国经济的飞速增长,中国城市化高潮已经到来,城市生活和更好的工作前景吸引者农村人口大量向大中城市转移,城市居民预计每年将增加啊2000万到3000万,大都市圈及城市群在迅速形成,每年新建成建筑面积达18-20亿。在不断增长的城市人口压力下,线有的城市基础设施捉襟见肘,亟需一个合理的规划来保存城市生态环境的健康,保障城市的可持续发展。
城市居住问题空前严峻下的优化方案:
世界上没有任何理论-----无论是西方还是非西方的-----能够告诉我们在这些飞速扩张的巨型亚洲城市中我们应该怎么做。---Christen Jamar
城市化进程的加快对于对于居住问题提出了严峻的挑战,面临城市化进程问题的住宅解决方案-----高密度集合住宅。
高密度住宅好处:节省地球日益稀少的绿地资源,保存耕地和生物多样性:多为小户型公寓和连排洋房,因此节省建材,节省制冷制热和照明所需的能源,如果小区还社有商业零售设施和配套交通公共设施的话,还能减少大部分人对汽车的依赖。
缺点:通常缺乏人性化尺度,剥夺住户个性、领地感和私密空间,有底高密度住宅还缺少社区空间,不利于邻里交流。
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从国内住宅实践来看这个问题:
有中国特色的住宅发展历程:
1998年福利分房结束
1998年我国住房体制改革的纲领性文件《关于进一步深化城镇住房制度改革,加快住房建设的通知》(国发[1998]23号)文件出台,决定自当年起停止住房实物分配,建立住房分配货币化、住房供给商品化、社会化的住房新体制。原定截止期为6月底,一时机关单位抢购住房风起。
1998年7月1日,在中国一直延续实行的住房福利制宣告结束。又是从这一天起,历经整整10个年头的住房制度改革,从此进入住宅建设市场化和住房消费货币化的新的一轮改革。随着今年中国人民银行一系列住房金融服务举措的出台,包括安排1000亿元住房贷款指导性计划等,中国人在住房上将获得更大的空间和自由。
1999年房产市场元年
福利分房终结后,乘着金融政策的东风,中国房地产市场开始扬帆起航。最低零首付、贷款30年,一口气猛推19个经适房,百姓的购房需求被唤醒并释放,房地产市场赚得开门红。全年全社会固定资产投资29876亿元,比上年增长5.2%。其中房地产开发投资4010亿元,增长11%。
1月,建设部出台了《关于1999年向职工出售公有住宅楼房的价格及有关政策的通知》,规定自1999年1月1日起,出售公有住宅楼房取消标准价,一律实行成本价,城近郊区新建楼房的成本价为每建筑平方米1485元。
当年总面积达560多万平方米,包括天通苑、回龙观文化居住小区等19个项目在内的首批经济适用住房项目在北京亮相。
2月23日,央行下发《关于开展个人消费信贷的指导意见》,鼓励商业银行提供全方位优质金融服务。同年9月,人民银行将个人住房贷款最长期限从20年延长到30年。从此贷款买房、按揭等新概念开始登陆中国内地。
最低零首付、贷款30年的优惠政策,唤醒和放大了百姓的购房需求。
2000年日新月异
3月,《北京市加快城市危旧房改造实施办法(试行)》颁布,当年全市危改实现新突破,仅崇文、宣武、丰台三区五片拆除危旧房13233户,约37.59万平方米,拆除旧房建造新的住房,给北京的房地产业带来了新的契机。
6月,由王石、卢铿及中国城市房地产开发商协作网络倡议发起的"新住宅运动"大会在上海召开。这次会议提出,房地产要"面向新经济,关注普通人"。中国房地产企业由此开始"抱团打天下"。
12月,北京市建委、市国土房管局出台《北京市城镇居民购买经济适用住房有关问题的暂行规定》,强调申请购房的本市城镇居民须是无房户和现住房面积未达到本市规定的住房补贴面积标准的未达标户,并且年收入须在6万元(含)以下。但同时规定,夫妇双方为机关工作人员或教师的家庭、市政府批准的重点工程建设中的被拆迁居民家庭和政府组织实施的危旧房改造项目区异地安置的居民家庭不需核定收入。远郊区县地点偏远可适当放宽购房面积。
2001年感性理性
2001年1月1日起,居民按照市场价格出租房屋的,房产税由12%降为4%,营业税由原来的5%降为3%,并且加大北京住房的危改力度。此举为激活北京市二手房市场,不过二手房市仍未迸发出预期的活力。2001年北京二手房交易量5000套,仅为上海的1/6。
3月12日,北京天鸿宝业房地产股份有限公司(600372)在上交所挂牌上市,标志着长达8年之久的房地产公司上市禁令解冻。一个月后,金地集团(600383)上市,从而揭开了新一轮房地产市场快速发展的序幕。
4月30日,国务院发布15号文件《关于加强国有土地资产管理的通知》,明确提出经营性用地必须采用招标拍卖的方式进行出让,并规定严格控制建设用地供应总量、实行国有土地有偿使用制度、加强土地使用权转让管理以及规范土地审批行政行为等。
2002年群雄逐鹿
6月份,建设部、国家计委、国家经贸委、财政部、国土资源部、国家工商总局、监察部联合发文,要求整顿和规范房地产市场秩序,随即出台了一系列具体措施,整顿成为主基调。央行也在发布的第三季度货币政策执行报告中,提醒各商业银行要切实加强信贷管理,警惕房地产泡沫的出现,并重申严禁发放"零首付"个人住房贷款。
7月1日起,购买普通住房价格在9432元/平方米以下的征收契税标准降为1.5%,同时,不论购房者签订合同的时间,只要是在7月1日后办理立契过户手续的,都按照新调整契税的标准执行。
9月1日起,北京市商品房的预售许可证和《商品房买卖合同》不再有内、外销的区别,同时对商品房的购买对象也取消了本市法人、自然人与境外、其他省市的法人及自然人的界限。
2002年楼市的华南猛虎北上争霸。当年,花最多的钱买地,与花钱买最多的地,都是华南虎所为。广州富力斥资32亿元买下京城第一块挂牌拍卖土地,而广州珠江则在短时间内总共圈下近5000亩土地。深圳金地继格林小镇之后,又向CBD核心区进军。
2003年非典赢家
4月到6月,非典袭击北京,除了工程进度和销售的直接影响外,购房者的观念发生很大改变,郊区住宅热了,板楼热了,价值观的颠覆打乱了长期发展形成的秩序。
6月13日,央行发布《中国人民银行关于进一步加强房地产信贷业务管理的通知》,简称121号文件,对房地产开发商的开发贷款、土地储备贷款、个人住房贷款、个人住房公积金等7个方面的贷款政策作出的调整,规定只有在主体结构封顶后,才能对购房人发放贷款;房地产企业、建筑施工企业贷款得到的流动资金不能用在盖房上,买地的钱也不能靠银行贷款;开发商自有资金在市场中的比例要达30%。121文件出台事实上切断了房地产开发项目依赖银行贷款的资金链,而以往的房地产开发项目基本上是靠银行贷款支持。一时间,有不少开发商急着甩楼盘,谋划去并购、去融资,拉开了"山雨欲来风满楼"的架势。虽然当时该文件饱受争议,但是现在看来,央行121号文件无疑是国家新一轮宏观调控的起点。
8月31日,国务院发布《关于促进房地产市场持续健康发展的通知》,即18号文。18号文的要旨在于,首次在国务院文件的层面,提出"房地产业已成为国民经济的支柱产业"。它还提出要"促进房地产市场持续健康发展"。正是这两点极大地挑动了房地产商们的神经,被业界公认为中国房地产市场发展的"新五年计划"。
11月10日,在北京有着14家分部的中介经纪公司坚石突然人间蒸发,经营者以及所有业务员均失踪,北京市受骗房东房客达数百人,被骗资金涉及近千万元。坚石曾为北京市首批"放心中介",注册资金达一千万元,由于许多房东房客正是看中它的实力才选择了它,因此,坚石的突然蒸发引发了北京市中介行业的诚信危机,许多人表示以后出租房子再不会找中介公司。中介公司房屋银行的经营模式再次受到广泛质疑。
12月1日,于凌罡以"蓝城木鱼"的网名在网上发帖,号召想买房的网友联合起来自己建房,国内合作建房起步。但由于缺乏相关的政策法规以及受制于土地瓶颈,合作建房模式在艰难中前行。
12月8日,北京市土地整理储备中心成立以来的第一次土地拍卖会举行。天津顺驰以9.05亿元天价战胜北京天鸿集团中标黄村一号地块(即现在的顺驰领海)。这个价格高出起拍价4.75亿元,而此次批拍卖的底价仅为4.65亿元。
2004年土改革命
3月,国土资源部、监察部联合下发了《关于继续开展经营性土地使用权招标拍卖挂牌出让情况执法监察工作的通知》(即"71号令"),要求从2004年8月31日起,所有经营性的土地一律都要公开竞价出让。也就是说,在2004年8月31日之前,各省区市不得再以历史遗留问题为由采用协议方式出让经营性国有土地使用权,以前盛行的以协议出让经营性土地的做法被正式叫停。该文件还规定,2004年8月31日以后,发展商必须及时缴纳土地出让金,而且如果在两年内不开发,政府可把该土地收回。土地招拍挂,使实力强的房地产公司打破地域性界限,迅速进行全国扩张。
5月,我国第一部《经济适用住房管理办法》正式出台,经济适用住房面积严格控制在中小套型,中套面积在80平方米左右,小套面积在60平方米左右。北京市相关部门下发《关于已购经济适用住房上市出售有关问题的通知》。从2月20日起,购买经济适用住房的家庭未住满5年,不允许按市场价格出售。
10月29日,央行发布新政策,金融机构一年期存款基准利率将上调0.27个百分点,由现行的1.98%提高到2.25%,一年期贷款基准利率上调0.27个百分点,由现行的5.31%提高到5.58%。
2005年国八条
3月15日起,北京市建委将开始对行政许可预售的商品房全面实行网上申报、网上登记、网上公示,并通过北京建设网和北京房地产交易管理网即时向社会公布商品房项目信息和楼盘表信息,实现预售房源信息公开、透明。
3月底,国务院出台的《关于切实稳定住房价格的通知》,即"国八条"要求地方政府及相关部门抑制价格过快上涨,促进房地产市场健康发展,并对此提出了八条意见:一、高度重视稳定住房价格; 二、切实负起稳定住房价格的责任; 三、大力调整住房供应结构; 四、严格控制被动性住房需求; 五、正确引导居民合理消费需求; 六、全面监测房地产市场运行; 七、积极贯彻调控住房供求的各项政策措施; 八、认真组织对稳定住房价格工作的督促检查。
5月30日,市建委发布通知,普通住宅标准重新修订为:住宅小区建筑容积率在1.0(含)以上;单套建筑面积在140(含)平方米以下;实际成交价低于同级别土地上住房平均交易价格1.2倍以下。契税收取也相应调整。
6月8日,市建委发布《落实稳定房价加强住房交易管理有关问题》的通知,禁止商品住房预购人将购买的未竣工的预售商品房再行转让,并严格实行网上实名制认购,防范私下交易行为。
同日,北京地税局发布关于加强房地产税收管理的通知,凡购买后不足2年的住房对外销售,照章全额征收营业税;超过2年(含)销售的非普通住房,按其销售价格减除原购进价格后的余额计算征收营业税;超过2年(含)销售的普通住房,免予征收营业税。
2006年国六条
5月17日,国务院总理温家宝17日主持召开国务院常务会议,研究促进房地产业健康发展措施,审议并原则通过《中华人民共和国测绘成果管理条例(修订草案)》。会议指出,要认真落实去年以来中央关于促进房地产市场健康发展的部署,根据当前存在的问题,进一步采取六条有针对性的措施:(一)切实调整住房供应结构;(二)进一步发挥税收、信贷、土地政策的调节作用;(三)合理控制城市房屋拆迁规模和进度,减缓被动性住房需求过快增长;(四)进一步整顿和规范房地产市场秩序;(五)加快城镇廉租住房制度建设,规范发展经济适用住房;(六)完善房地产统计和信息披露制度,增强房地产市场信息透明度。2005"国八条"时隔一年,"国六条"全面拉开新一轮房地产宏观调控。
5月,九部门制定《关于调整住房供应结构稳定住房价格的意见》。要求各城市在2006年9月底前公布普通商品房、经济适用房和廉租房建设目标,"7090"政策(套型在90平方米以下的住宅比率必须达到开发面积的70%)被提了出来,税收和信贷等政策进一步紧缩。
5月30日,国土资源部发文,从即日起,中国一律停止别墅类房地产项目供地和办理相关用地手续,并对别墅进行全面清理。
北京市建委下发了《关于境外机构、个人购买商品房签约有关问题的紧急通知》,重申了171号文件中有关外资购房的规定,而执行日期已从7月21日开始。也就是说,以投资为目的的外资购房闸门几乎关闭。
9月5日,新华社全文播发《国务院关于加强土地调控有关问题的通知》,针对各大城市"以地生财"的发展思路,《通知》提出要建立健全相关机制,国有土地使用权出让总价款将全额纳入地方财政预算,缴入地方国库,实行"收支两条线"管理,被视为国家叫停各地"土地财政"的先声。
11月30日,北京市土地整理储备中心宣布,"广渠门36号地"最终由北京城建和城开公司联合体以26亿元竞标获得,这一价格在所有竞标中排名第五,但其承诺未来最低销售价格为9500元/平米。"价高者得"游戏规则被颠覆,意味着地产开发土地供给制度细节性然而根本意义上改变的开始。
11月14日,北京市地税局出台《北京市地方税务局关于个人转让二手房征收土地增值税问题的通知》。其中规定,从2006年12月1日起,个人转让二手房应依法缴纳土地增值税。新规定将使5年以下非普通住宅二手房交易成本增加。
2007年二套房新政
1月16日国税总局下发《中华人民共和国土地增值税暂行条例》,规定转让国有土地使用权、地上的建筑物及附着物并取得收入的单位和个人,应当缴纳土地增值税,税率为30%-60%不等。
3月16日《物权法》获得通过。
8月1日国务院常务会议讨论并原则通过了《国务院关于解决城市低收入家庭住房困难的若干意见》。该文件被认为是对"房改"的总结,是住房新模式的转折点。
9月27日央行、银监会共同发布通知,要求严格住房消费贷款管理,对已利用贷款购买住房又申请购买第二套(含)以上住房的,首付款比例不得低于40%,贷款利率不得低于同期同档次基准利率的1.1倍。12月11日央行和银监会下发《关于加强商业性房地产信贷管理的补充通知》,明确以"户"为单位执行房贷新政。
11月1日国土资源部发布《招标拍卖挂牌出让国有建设用地使用权规定》(39号令),直指土地开发市场的囤积土地问题。
7月25日,北京市国土房管局局长安家盛表示,北京已下了死命令,从对所谓"小产权"房的局部市场调查扩大到对全市全部房地产开发项目的调查,对涉及非法开发"小产权"的开发商做停工停售处理,与此相关的不法村集体组织负责人和不法开发商将因此受到相应处罚。
11月14日,深圳,"中天置业"总裁蒋飞卷款失踪的传闻得到证实。深圳警方说,截至21日,已接到深圳23名购房者报案、涉及款项2600余万元。
2008年保障为本
3月5日,国务院总理温家宝在十一届全国人大一次会议上作政府工作报告时说,要抓紧建立住房保障体系。要坚定不移地推进住房改革和建设,让人民群众安居乐业。
4月15日,《北京市限价商品住房管理办法(试行)》和《北京市限价商品住房申购家庭收入、住房和资产准入标准及已购限价商品住房上市交易补交比例的通知》经市政府批准,正式印发执行。办法规定:限价房申请人须具有本市户口;单身家庭提出申请的,申请人须年满30周岁;定3人及以下家庭,家庭年收入在8.8万元及以下,人均住房使用面积15m2及以下,家庭总资产净值57万元及以下;限价房满5年可以出售,但须按照市有关部门公布的届时同地段普通商品住房价格和限价商品住房价格差的一定比例交纳土地收益等价款,交纳比例为35%。
生存逻辑下的住宅市场创新
设计改变生活-------创新之始:2000年新住宅运动
新住宅运动类似于一个民间的公共论坛。它期待每个人都发出自己独特的声音,表达对现代生活需求的个人意见。
明天我们将住在哪里?"早在几年前,就有房地产商提出这样的疑问。现在,这个问题再次向前推进了一大步:"什么样的住宅才能满足明天的需求?"
3月13日,1999年末成立的中城房网集结深圳,再次将人们共同关心的这些问题,提纲挈领地提出了一个崭新的主题,这就是"新住宅运动"。
缘起:一次彻底反思
新住宅运动的背景,是住房实物分配结束之后出现的失衡与冲突,一边是由于城市化加速、科技进步带来新技术、新材料的应用、观念更新呈现出新的住宅需求,一边是我国住宅产业仍然处在落后的前工业化水平,资源浪费严重,质量问题层出不穷。
受文化殖民主义影响,我国城市住宅建筑发展先天不足:城市化以惊人的速度发展,但缺乏有效控制,混乱不堪;住宅建筑创造性和想象力匮乏,欧风劲吹,缺乏个性和本土特点。因此,目前的大部分住宅,不完全是我们生活本身的表达。
这次由万科、中国海外等发展商发起,由吴观张、罗小未、许安之、崔恺、张永和等一流建筑师,贺承军、王明贤、刘骁纯等建筑评论家共同参与的变革行动,寻求的就是这样一个反映新经济时代精神的精确表达。
政府:城市规划有待重视
而之前,首先要对住宅建设现状作彻底的反思。
政府在住宅问题上,主导作用毋庸赘言。住宅作为"大环境"下的"小环境",对城市规划的依赖也显而易见。
当下,我国城市规划有千篇一律的趋势。各大城市强调经济发展的同时,城市建设却乏善可陈,城市规划明显滞后。
以南方某滨海城市为例,城市规划不但没有充分利用滨海城市特色(没有充分利用海岸线对房地产市场造成的损失,可以准确进行同比估计,奇怪的是,竟然无人反对),也没有充分利用南方高低起伏的丘陵地貌做点文章。但这样的城市竟然被公认规划良好,我国的城市规划水平可见一斑。
政府对城市规划重要性的认识,与开发商开发售楼过程的切身体会,与建筑师对城市景观的呼吁,与市民对生活素质的期望,显然存在一定差距。
这跟政府的重视程度有关。
在国外,哈佛市政学院公共管理专业的第一课,就是城市规划。即使是国内,政府对城市规划重视程度的不同,城市环境也千差万别。
以东北某市为例,在政府重视下,城市面貌大大改善。有意思的是,同为重视,不同两位市长任内的城市规划效果也有区别。差别在于,前者不够专业,而后者则是建筑行业的专家。
看来,在城市规划中,不仅政府重视不可或缺,提高决策专业性也相当必要。
开发商:住宅小区的理性反思
住宅小区的规划,可以溯至上世纪30年代佩里的"邻里单位"理论,当时在欧美一度颇为流行。后来在此基础上作了进一步发展,形成了小区规划理论。
我国"住宅小区"的出现,不过是近几年的事。由于我国绝大多数城市都强调经济发展,城市规划考虑有欠周全,环境破坏严重。开发商在住宅开发过程中,往往希望通过营造小区相对独立的家居环境吸引买家。
与人们愿望背道而驰的是,现在相当多的小区已经成了城市的"土围子"。自成一体,戒备森严,贫富分化标志明显。在建筑师眼中,城市被封闭的小区实际瓜分了,成了"两边有房间的黑过道"。一家法国建筑杂志因此把我们称为"无质量的城市"。
开发商在营造内部小环境的同时,应当如何整合城市大环境?如何在保证内部私密与安全的同时,兼顾外部空间的开放与交流?这是个问题。
"新住宅运动"对住宅小区的反思,反映了发展商营造"城市家园"的自觉。他们意识到,住宅小区作为城市空间的一部分,只有在城市"大环境"下,人们营造的"小巢"才有存在的意义。
如果一味注重住宅小区本身,而不从整个城市的角度来考虑,那么,住宅小区就会带有一定的破坏性,住宅开发就有可能走入误区。
建筑师:市场是唯一标准
当前,我国的建筑师处于尴尬的角色,不但经常遭受国外建筑师的批评,在国内也因为远离市场,而被当作学院派供奉在大学校园里。
建筑师的缺席和被动,对住宅开发推进,对建筑师本身,都是巨大的损失。因此此时提出"尊重建筑师的设计,尊重建筑师的创造性"具有特别的意义,而我国一流建筑师对新住宅运动的积极参与,反映了一种自省的精神。
对建筑师来说,一张图纸造几百万平方米房子的时代已经过去了。
住房政策的改革,从发展商到建筑师,都必须从市场需求考虑问题。在"新住宅运动"的旗帜下,建筑师们未来将更多地关注住宅,关注市场需求,关注社会各阶层不同的生活方式。
可以预见,在建筑师精神的主导下,住宅设计将日趋多元化,将更多地表现本土化特点,从根本上对住宅建筑的文化殖民主义进行反拨。
网络时代:市民社会的空间实践
一种新的生活方式正在侵入我们的生活。新的科技产生了,新的规则不时引起冲突,新的企业带来了截然不同的赚钱方式,新的"人类"则在网上谈起了恋爱。
其中最重要的,是人类社会交往方式的改变。人类共享空间在虚拟社区中被无限延展,传统伦理观念受到前所未有的冲击。现代家庭权力行为模式的变化,直接影响到了住宅设计对空间资源的再分配。
在开放经济的冲击下,我国社会构成也发生了变化,市民社会初具雏形。白领对自由、民主、格调天生的追逐,使它渴望一个个性表达的空间;而公众参与与互动对新住宅运动同样必要,而且它恰恰提供了这样一个发挥的空间,因此,新住宅运动是这一民间要求的具体表达。
作为市民社会的具体实践,新住宅运动延伸出许多关于空间的新思考,它涉及行为科学,甚至关系到更为广泛的哲学伦理、社会心理范畴。因此,新住宅运动又是一次文化创新运动。
一个民间的公共论坛
新住宅运动作为一种社会生活模式的引导,它首先是一次行动,而不只是一个口号,或者一种风格。
著名建筑师崔恺甚至认为,这在中国建筑史、甚至文化史上都将是一个非常重要的事件。
作为面向所有人的空间表达,作为人们个性张扬的自由场所,它同时是一个开放的公共空间。因此,新住宅运动类似于一个民间的公共论坛。它期待每个人都发出自己独特的声音,表达对现代生活需求的个人意见,无论政府,还是发展商,无论建筑师,还是个人。它不是固定的,而是现代生活层面不断生成的可持续概念
新住宅运动,是我们这个时代共同的主张。
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由万科等地产商提出的"新住宅运动"似乎意在改变房地产商一贯给人造成的不良形象。究竟什么是新住宅运动?芽首倡者这样概括:"营造网络时代的居住空间,实现传统精神的当代程式升华,建设人文关怀的精神家园,关注环保,崇尚自然。"就是人们可以自主地选择一种符合人性的生活方式,就是可以"像人一样住着"。判别一栋房的标准不再是丈量尺、水平仪,而是人性。
但这个运动由以盈利为目的的房地产商来倡导,能起多大作用颇值得怀疑。
"居住改变中国"与新住宅的"继续运动"结合----这是一场至今为止仍在继续的运动。
被称为新住宅运动"始作俑者"的卢铿,在新住宅运动两周年之际,将"居住改变中国"的命题与新住宅的"继续运动"结合了起来:
居住促进经济
住宅的建设直接或间接地拉动了近百个行业,我统计大概可以拉动98个行业,这样的拉动规模是没有第二个行业可以比的。住宅业每投资100元钱,就可以创造相关行业170元到220元的需求,每销售100元的住宅,就可以带动其他商品销售130元到150元,房地产业每增长10个百分点,GDP就可增长1个百分点,对经济的拉动十分明显。
居住创新科技
居住这个由多个系统集成而就的大系统,为科技的创新和应用提供一个集群型的巨大舞台。居住对于科技创新的重大贡献不仅表现在规模上,而且表现在产品变异的速度上,人们的需求和审美的进步,使住宅的产品必须实现不断和迅速的发展。
居住丰盈艺术
居住全面地体现着自然界中的节奏、韵律、尺度、对称、平衡、连续、间隔、精细、疏密、色彩、明暗、错综、变化以及和谐,居住所涉及的住宅和公共设施以及环境,几乎都与艺术紧密的相关,居住系统可以表现和包容的艺术形式之多可能是其他任何系统难以比拟的,它包含了建筑设施的艺术、室内设计艺术、园林景观艺术、室内陈设与装饰艺术、文化主题艺术、家具设计艺术以及工业品设计艺术等等。
居住演绎人生
住宅不仅是人们生活起居的必需场所,也成了人们生命的文化形态与存在方式,是住宅主人人格的外化。一个有优良环境的住区,会充分表达住宅作为商品特殊的属性能产生邻里和睦、社区文明、父母长寿、妻贤子孝等等。对于后工业时代的人来说,金钱本身已经不再是衡量一个人成功与幸福的惟一标准,整体意义上的居住改变会使许多生命产生全新的追求和领悟。
居住拓展城市
目前中国的人口城市化率只有大约36%,在未来的十多年内,中国的人口城市化率将从36%增多到50%。城市的扩大,主要是居住环境的扩大,没有人居住的住宅也就没有城市,住宅创造了城市并且丰满了城市,作为人们生息繁衍空间的主要系统形态----城市的发展,住宅业起到了不可或缺和不可替代的重要作用。
居住改变观念
伴随人居空间和住宅产业的进步,以及这种进步过程中无数课题的争论,人们会发现自己的许多观念在发生变化,包括消费观念、投资意识、居住形态、处事方法、审美品位、生活方式、道德标准、环保觉悟等等,这些许许多多观念的改变,将引导新的思想和创造新的财富,从而最有力地影响着一个地区和一个国家的文明和文化进步。
居住反映政治
今天的中国,最大的政治道理是发展,发展中的中国,把百姓从温饱引向小康,自然早就成了一个政治问题。"小康不小康,关键看住房",居住实际上在影响着政治,居住表现时代的精神,住宅具有重要的时代和民族的意义。
百姓居住反映国家政治
原载:《中国房地产报》
当联合国人居大会把"居者有其屋"设为大会口号进而演变成为全球人类共同奋斗的理想时,居住就有了它确切的政治背景和神圣的政治使命。
当初农民起义"打土豪、分田地"的目的,一定也包括了地主们的宅第,起义的农民不可能只需要口粮而无遮盖。在过往的"文革"期间,人们生活在一种尴尬的"理想"中,"不建集中的城市","先生产、后生活","先治坡、后治窝"是那些年代的政治口号。居住有时也成了政治时期的标志,成了社会竞争的表征。
邓小平在1980年4月25日提出了关乎中国当今住宅开发的624个字,揭开了中国当代住宅史的"春天的故事"。其后至今,中国的大地上几乎最为热烈的投资就是住宅产业,只有伟大的政治战略家才能看到这个产业的宏伟蓝图。
住宅业正在向支柱产业前进,一旦成为支柱,它支撑的就已不只是经济基础,也包括了上层建筑。本来,住宅产业这么一个特别包容文化和特别贡献经济的行业,就应当成为国家发展的支柱。
房地产业已经成为国民经济政策的晴雨表,政治背景之下的宏观经济兴则房地产业兴,反之则衰。在许多经济指数之中,这个行业的参数对国民经济的影响都是十分重要的。
"中国文化的特质是家庭精神"(黑格尔)。"人以宅为家。居若安,则家代昌吉"(《释名》)。社会的秩序从居住开始,以家庭为中心的中国人,稳定了家庭就稳定了社区,稳定了社区就稳定了国家。中国更需要良好的居住,因为这个国家更需要民族和社会的稳定。中国式的社区精神,有可能成为安定团结的真正灵魂所在。政府和政策对于住宅业的影响是最重要的。因为政策的改变,才导致了今天这个令世人瞩目的中国住宅市场。同时也因为一些地方局部政策的差异,才有了各地房地产市场的高低。
今天的中国,最大的政治道理是发展。发展中的中国,把百姓从温饱引向小康自然早已成了一个政治问题。所以,前建设部长侯捷先生曾有名言----"小康不小康,关键看住房"。居住,表现着时代精神。住宅,有重要的时代和民族的意义。
才几年功夫,中国的住宅产业和住宅市场在规模上,在进步速度上,在文化理念上,已经跃升第一。中国的住宅业已享有显著的国际地位,中国的开发商也在学会和具有比外国的同行更加高超的开发技能。当人们惊闻今天一个上海每年的新建住宅量竟可与欧盟12国相当时,不得不对这个国家肃然起敬。居住,也代表了一个国家的尊严和地位
进入新的世纪,中华民族已到了复兴之日,民族的复兴最终将表现在文化的复兴,表现在百姓生活素质的整体提高。于是,居住就有了她特别的历史使命。
居住包含了物质文化和精神文化的许多内容。每当以住宅为主流的建筑处于新与旧的突变的时期,就会引发社会上有关传统与革新的争论,从而推动审美文化的发展。住宅一旦被赋予了文化和社会的内涵,就不再只是凝固的音乐,进而成为无声的史诗,成为社会发展的目标。
我们在感受着这个伟大的住宅产业。我们更为自己投身于这个伟大的产业而倍感骄傲。诚然,今天中国的住宅业还十分稚嫩,问题也不少,但当我们认识到她在那么强有力地改变着中国的现实和未来时,就必须积极地关爱她和保护她。住宅产业的功与过自有历史评说。
两年前"新住宅运动"的发起,正是由于人们洞悉了住宅产业巨大的潜能和生命力,同时又面对着与这个行业相关的众多问题。两年来我们目睹了中国住宅产业翻天覆地的巨变。"新住宅运动"希冀行业的跨越式进步,希冀文化的跨时代创新。新住宅运动绝不仅是探讨住宅本身的创新。倘若业内业外的人们都一起来反省、审视和促进这个重要的行业,并且引发对文化创新发展的全面思考,21世纪的中华民族复兴必定会早日实现。
1:新型家用品出现及人性化需要:简要的户型演变史
早期的户型设计:实用至上,功能简单
九十年代初房地产发展刚起于起步阶段,无论是开发商、建筑师还是消费者来讲,对住宅产品的认知度都还停留在较低层次,对居家概念的认识比较粗浅,因而产品设计上极其粗糙,在产品设计上以实用性第一为原则,主要满足消费生存温饱的需求,在户型设计上主要体现在:
早期的多层多是行列式的布局,并且没有电梯,强调住宅朝向,户型向南,一梯四户、五户比较普遍;受实用第一的影响,面积普遍较小,二房二厅的面积一般在70-80平方米,三房二厅面积一身在80-100平方米之间;室内功能区分不明显,卫生间只设一个,厅只有一个,都是客饭厅合用,之后才有了隔离的双厅;由于受实用率影响,并排多层基本上没有开设凹槽,户内采光、通风效果因而经常会出现一些暗厨暗卫的现象。早期多层建筑户型还有一个最突出的缺点――户型私密性不能保证,隔音效果差、栋距窄,对视问题十分严重。
早期高层多半是每层8户的"井"字型的设计,这样可以大大提高实用面积,减少分摊面积,这种布局方式的缺点是户数较多,不能做到南北通透,从而采光、通风效果不佳,而且每一户景观都受到严格限制,只能"独居一隅";在室内设计上,常会出现"钻石厅",户型不够方正,使用率不高等问题;室内净高在2.6米左右,加上吊顶,空间显得十分局促。
九十年代中后期户型:设计讲究功能完善和舒适方向发展。
这一时期,由于市场持续向好,一方面,开发商仍追求在允许条件下容积率最大化。相当普遍的问题是进深过大。以11米进深来说,每增加1米进深,每公顷土地上可多增加建筑面积1000多┫,因此14 米甚至16 米的进深都会有。相对于11米进深刚好是餐客厅南北分置,模数恰好,14 米或以上进深的户型不可避免的会出现诸如客厅走道(无效面积)过大,一间卧室或是卫生间在室内中轴线布置。要避免暗室,只能通过里面开槽解决。但也相应带来侧向开窗影响立面效果、采光效果欠佳、相邻单位对视的问题。
另一方面,开发商普遍开始重视户型的实用性。非常突出的表现是户型设计讲究方正宽敞,采光通风,各个楼盘在对外宣传都以"一梯二户、南北通透、方正实用"作为户型设计卖点,正是这样的影响下,标准层的户数在减少,多层从原来4-5户到2户,小高层高层从原来8-10户发展到4-6户;平面布局方式也有所改变,平面户数不变,通过调整平面形式,满足每一户的采光、通风、观景的需要,同时楼体的结构也发生改变,板式楼开始大量出现,室内设计更加讲究功能讲究完善,辅助用房增多,户型设计,更加讲究景观。这一时期户型设计几大靓点:
板式小高层的大量崛起
该类户型首先引起业内关注的是凤凰名都,而真正将板式小高层眶绎得淋漓尽致当属裕发花园,小高层基本上都采用一梯二户的结构,从而使两户可作到南北贯通。这种户型单位设计在内部功能分区上也十分合理,客厅、厅自然分开,卧室、书房、厨房相对形成独立空间,各房的日照、采光和通风都十分理想。这种设计能较好地结合周边自然景观,使前后两面的视野都十分开阔。由于结构所限,该楼盘的平面设计客观上使得户型面积偏大,目标客户的定位就仅适于购买大户型、对景观或位置有着特别偏好的客户群体。(插入裕发花园)。目前亿力音乐广场、天逸大厦、古龙湖景雅阁、龙门天下、海宴等项目均采用该类规划。
蝶式户型兴起
该类户型首先引起业内关注的是金秋豪园的"品"字型规划,目前采用该类户型规划的项目几乎都是为使项目更便于观景的中高档住宅,包括金利蓝湾、佳苑星河、慧景城等。这种设计不仅让观景面得到最充分的伸展,而且厨、卫等用房集中,充分保证了客厅与卧室开阔的视野面,同时也便于电梯厅的采光通风。(插入金利蓝湾总平)
户型往立体空间多样化发展
错层较早出现在国贸花园,而全面倡导错层的是新景祥代理的香榭园项目,由于提出极度创新的"别墅式桑拿公寓"的概念,让楼市耳目一新,因而十分热销,销售价格也比同一区域其它普通项目高出300元每平方米左右,而去年联发房产推出的紫微花园更是把错层演绎到极致,以其样板房的设计为例,错层设计有着诸多的优势:
首先,错层较好地保证功能分区,其将活动的空间如客厅、餐厅和厨房安排在较低的平面,而且客厅挑高3.1米,看上去舒适气派,而将静区如卧室、书房电脑房摆在较高的平面上,从而明确了功能的分区。
其次是在使用功能上搭配独特。如层层均设有卫生设备,区域布局动静分离、干湿分离。
其三是居住的私密性大大加强。起居和卧室互不干扰,不同功能的区域完全是一个独立的空间。
其四居住的便利性,错层住宅没有别墅中的环形楼梯,只有5级台阶,进出方便、来去自由。
目前在售的南湖豪苑、至尊门第、金盛花园、龙门天下等;这类项目会增大一定的建筑成本,但却使空间结构富有层次。
近推出明发海景苑与阳光VISA户型较为特殊,其空间结构挑高4.8米,带2.2米夹层,夹层不算建筑面积,使其使用面积大于建筑面积,这种户型设计不仅创造了更多的实用空间,而且增大了客厅的空间尺度和户型内的观景及采光面,很受欢迎。
另有一类以金枫园空间王和大学城B幢为代表。其客厅、厨房与餐厅、卧室分别处于不同平面,功能分区更加严格。
错层户型是市场求新求变的产物。在国外房地产市场的发展历程中,错层户型只是一种过渡产品。特别在厦门,抗震设防要求较高,错层户型要达到要求,结构上较难处理。此外,户内台阶对老人、小孩或特殊人群在使用上会带来不便,仅适合年轻家庭。因此,错层户型只会是市场的补充,而不会成为主流。
随着近几年我市商品房市场竞争日趋激烈,市场日趋成熟,开发商对于房地产产品研究的力度不断加大,精品楼盘开始不断涌现,与此相适应,户型的设计也发生较大的变化,设计作为一种软性的"科技产品"也正在悄然进行着一场"技术革命",住宅设计的差异化、个性化特征已越来越明显,深入研究当前几个楼盘的户型设计,可以看到当前?厦门户型设计一些新的趋势:
入户花园开始运用
在户型设计上,更具特色,充分体现以人为本的设计理念。如松柏华庭的入户花园多功能阳光花房引入室内,后期推出的几个楼盘如荣滨大厦、金秋豪园均设有入户花园,市场反映相当热烈,入户花园一般安排在观景面较少的单位,入户花园以一半建筑面积计算及其良好的景观与私密性,大大提升住宅单元的附加值。
在室内设计上明显往舒适型方向发展,住宅功能更加完善,厨房外侧还设有工人房、独立卫间和生活阳台,内侧与餐厅相连,厨房的采光、通风面好,功能完善,如有储藏间、书房等。
户型设计更讲究观景效果。如金秋豪园、佳境豪苑等单体之间均开有凹槽,户户均能做到三面甚至四面观景,厅及主卧基本朝向小区主要景观面,与厅连接的阳台采取大面积的落地玻璃阳台档板,增强视觉的通透性,主卧设计采取大凸窗或270度弧形观景窗,从而更具观景效果。采光通风更好,点式设计存在进深较大造成采光通风等不足等实际问题,通过栋内部栋与栋之间开槽采光通风问题。而嘉盛豪园在建筑布局上更是率先使用"品字型"一梯三户的设计方式,既兼顾到观景效果和使用率,同时也考虑到户户之间的私密性采光通风等效果。其将核心筒放置于中间,这种布置放式可以做到边上二户南北通透,而前面一户由于大开间设计,观景效果极好,住宅单元的附加值同样很高。
在当前房地产市场发展经历变革,产品开发水平不断提升的市场环境下,适时地提升产品的品质已成为应对激烈市场竞争的重要手段。户型设计的发展变化,表明住宅产品不断改良和升级换代,也意味着人们将住得越来越好。
2."因交流而存在"-----住宅区规划总平的变化
这是一个交流的时代,住宅区不再是一个个封闭的独立王国。无论是建筑布局还是景观设计,"交流"必然成为了这个时期楼盘的一个主打卖点.
3. 绿色居所----对生态环境的重视。
尽管1978年的联合国环境与发展大会便正式提出了"可持续发展"的观念,但我国建筑设计中生态学思想的则晚晚始于2001年的时候,我们的商会和清华大学建筑学院和科技发展中心的一些专家,我们利用了当时国际的标准,包括美国、加拿大、台湾、日本、欧洲、英国、德国等等,我们编制了中国第一部自己的绿色生态建筑标准,住宅的生态主打趋势当然也是来自于生态这一思想的深入人心而导致的市场竞争。下面是例子:
先从社区的规划做介绍,首先我们的理念是闹中取静,这是我们的规划图,我们的项目实际上有一个8000平米的公园,我们实际上是把8000平米的公园作为社区的主要的入口,营造了一个绿树茵茵环境宜人的环境,让我们的业主每次回家的时候都可以感受到这个社区的高档的品质和生态、绿色的气息,这个公园就把我们的项目用地分成两个区域,北区和南区,它有独立的板楼,有独立的院落,绿色浓荫的环境,还有流水,还要必要的生活的设施,南区实际上是大部分的住宅都在这个区域,在规划的时候,首先是保留了我们项目当中很多的原生树,在入口的区域是结合原生树创造的。
我们的楼盘也全部是板楼,板楼因为肯定品质最高档的建筑形式,这样还创造了一个相对集中的20000平米的集中绿地,它带来的是非常大的建筑间距,阳光普照。
另外,我们把幼儿园和小学,特意安排在了没有任何遮挡的区域,为我们下一代的健康成长,提供最优质的环境,同时我们的社区楼座都是高低错落的,也是为了让我们自己的业主享受阳光的同时照顾我们周边的邻里,尊重他们的阳光权。
我们的建筑是社区的骨骼、气质端庄、硬朗,更能体现我们的社区文化感和尊贵感。这是从项目入口,主题公园的上方鸟瞰这个项目的情况,这是我们精心设计过的社区的主路口,有庄重的仪式感,大家可以看到,我们的立面用了大量的石材,还有空调百叶,石材的线脚配合我们的屋顶,创造的是非常典雅、端庄的形式,这种建筑形式我相信是我们金融街畔的企业家和人士们特别喜爱的一种形式。
我们的园林主要是用大量的非常的绿植,用错落有致的园林造景,创造的是地中海的景观,这些都是我们的一些设想。
我们可以念一下这些理念,脑海当中想象一下将来会是什么样的,首先是以建筑风格和谐共生的环境,堆土成坡,自然落差,景强台地,错落有致,立体绿植、色彩变换......保留现状树、和谐相处,水景亭廊,相得益彰如果现在各位到我们的现场,它已经可以展现在我们的眼前了,这是南区的环境,这也是南区的亭廊和水,大量的绿植当中选用了很多一年四季色彩变换的官叶型的植物,比如说银杏、樱花等等色彩丰富的植物,再配有很多的乔灌木,希望给业主创造一个色彩斑斓的世界。
刚才精瑞的赵总提到了,我们这个项目有50多项生态技术,我相信在座的业主和嘉宾肯定也非常关注这个部分,首先就是我们的节能系统,实际上是两个部分组成的,一个是建筑的主体节能,我们采用的双中空的三层玻璃,一般的住宅都是用的普通的中空玻璃,只有两个空气层然后是两层玻璃,我们的项目用的是三层玻璃,两个空气层,他的效果就是节能效果、保温效果特别的好,另外应用了断桥隔热的铝合金型材,楼已经非常节能了,但是在顶层的客户遭受太阳辐射的几率比较大,所以我们在这里关怀的是顶层的业主,另外我们在底商的屋顶,住宅的大堂还有平屋面上做了种植,一方面让下面的业主、商户,他自身的感受会舒服,另外从高处往下俯瞰我们园区的时候到处是绿色,尽量减少很硬的,没有人性的屋顶的感觉。
冬天我们希望阳光普照进来,北京这个地区冬天需要太阳的热量的需求要多于夏天隔热的需求,我们才南向采用不采用隔热的玻璃,在西向起到防晒的作用。
可再生能源的利用,太阳能大家都知道,是最便宜的能源,怎么样把这个利用在我们的住宅当中,也是开发商要思考的因素,对于我们住区,面对这么多的客户,利用太阳能,如果全部住区的热水都利用太阳能的话,是很难实现的,我们没有那么大的面积布置太阳能的集热板,我们在这个项目当中尝试利用太阳能板集电之后,给我们的公共区提供照明,你在晚上回家的时候,大堂的照明已经是白天太阳能的蓄热放出的电了,可以让业主处处感受到我们的节能、生态环保的理念,另外我们在园林当中还设置了很多太阳能的草坪灯。
第二个系统就是防噪系统,我们希望通过这个系统给业主带来舒适、安静的环境,三层中空玻璃对这个噪音的隔断有非常好的效果,我们采用的是浮筑楼板,在我们的楼板上全部铺上了弹性垫层。
我们的水环境系统,主要是设计了丰富的软化水,因为我们北京地区的水质相对比较硬,软化水是对我们的家用电器,比如说洗衣机,用水的家用电器有很好的保护,可以不结污垢,对人类的健康也是非常有益处的,但是我们同时也考虑,不会让住户引用这种软化水,因为他可能有一些微量元素已经被过滤掉了,我们预留了软化水的同时还保留了可以引用的自来水的水源,我们在南区还设计了雨水搜集系统和渗水路面。
空气系统,我们采用的是窗式通风气,它实际上就是在我们刚才说的三层玻璃外都安装了窗式通风气就是在业主不在家的时候开启它,既安全又可以让室内的空气有一个流动性,另外我们也用了反异味的U型管加深地漏等等。
我们的绿化系统也是重头戏,刚才说了我们的绿色率达到30%,水景也是适当的布局,屋顶绿化和垂直绿化,我们还为客户考虑的很周到,消防车道使用植草格,平时没有车辆路过还是尽量的扩大绿色的区域。
健康环保系统,我们提倡一种非常先进的环保的理念进行垃圾分类,同时运用的是生化垃圾的处理方式,生化垃圾是非常先进的手段,主要就是能够把我们有机的垃圾做一些消减,消减量可以达到95%,剩余的固体的残渣用于固体的肥料,是非常有效的方式。
另外,还有绿色环保的装修材料和可以循环使用的材料以及优质的无毒防水材料。
微环境系统,比如说我们采用大量的透水砖,对社区的保水都是有很好的效果,大量的绿植对社区有热岛效应,在楼底层局部架空,引入夏季风,生态系统可以把蚊蝇的生物链切断。
现在我介绍户型,这肯定是我们未来的业主关心的部分,这个是三居的户型,大概面积是140平米。这个特点,我们这里是三居,两个卫生间,一个主卫,一个次卫,他的特点,厨房的面宽非常的宽敞,和我们的餐厅有一个直接的互动,通过推拉门,我们可以营造一个家庭交流的氛围。它有一个独立的储藏室,现在我们大居室的业主需要非常多的储藏空间,另外在楼梯、居室都设计了适当的储藏空间。
这是一个纯朝南的两居室,他的优势所有房间都是朝南采光的,营造的是阳光普照的居室环境。
这也是一个两居室,纯朝南的,我们同样也是在入户和居室当中设置了储藏的空间,另外还有一个非常完整的起居和厨房的空间,两居都是90平米左右。
这是我们住宅大堂的一些设计理念和设计图纸,主要就是为了给业主提供一个非常高档的,舒适的公共空间。把这些向各位介绍以后,我觉得我们社区的可持续发展这部分实际上是我们思考的方向,这个社区的配套是我们关心的东西,大家是不是需要,是否需要,是不是常用,爱用,我们西堤红山的配套设计之初也根据客户的很多意愿做了选择。
比如说我们倡导以教育为本,倡导可持续发展社区,我们把北京小学成功的引入到我们的社区,办理了北京小学广外的社区学校,另外还有幼儿园和北京十四中也在附近,我们提供了一体化的全程教育的体系。
4."流水线生产个性化"------住宅的个性化产品
国内生活方式的多样化,使SOHO、TOWNHOUSE等新的居住模式开始出现,引起房产商们对居住方式的重新思考。目前市面上的个性化住宅程度还不高,跟风,抄袭现象严重,某些所谓经典户型,南北都存在,不顾地区差异及不同家庭特有需要。
主要的个性化形式有以下几种:
a。针对特点人群的设计方式,即对目标人群的定位为出发点来设计相应的住宅平面和功能要求。
b。菜单式设计方式:在居民参与程度不高的情况下,在面积相同的基础上,预先准备好若干户型,供住户挑选,选定后再予以建房。这是最常见的一种方式。
c。SAR理论设计方式:具体参见后面的
d。住户参与的设计:从购买土地到建造完成,由住户们在建筑师的带领下参与完成,由于广大住户始终参与,他们对于住宅的各种要求都能通过建筑师尽量反映到设计之中。这无疑是最有利于创造出独具个性的居住空间的一种方式。
例子:SOLO单身住宅
SOLO作为地产界的新名词,其含义与目前市场上通常概念的户型有所不同。其主要客户群定位于 30岁左右的单身或同居的青年人;建筑面积一般在 35m 左右,户型的内部空间灵活,尊重客户以往生活模式,强调个性化界面。所有生活空间的设定都来源于居住者本身的意愿。
如何在有限的面积内设计出尽可能合理的功能空间是在 SOLO设计中不可回避的课题。小户型由于面积指标的限制多设计为小面宽,大进深,因此尽量缩小交通面积,增大实际使用面积应该是 SOLO设计中的一项基本原则。
SOLO户型的另一个特点是,卧室和客厅没有明显的划分。可以没有客厅(图 2),也可以没有工作间,甚至可以没有卧室,所有的生活空间设定全部来源于居住者本身的意愿。在时尚青年的心目中,家就是一个可以随意变换的小窝。市场上小尺寸家具和折叠家具的出现,正好迎合了他们这种常变常新
的消费心理。或许,卧室就是会客室,我就喜欢和闺中密友窝在小床上聊天;或许,客厅就是工作间,只有随意歪倒在沙发里才不拘束自由的灵感;甚至,为什么一定要有床?抱着卡通靠垫倒在柔软的地毯上才是我最惬意的休息方式......总之,一切的一切都要随心所欲,SOLO就像一个神奇魔方,时时可以跟着心情而变。另外,SOLO户型特别细致地构成了辅助空间,强调设置舒适方便的卫生间。在一
套居室中,卫生间应包含有大小便溺、沐浴和盥选及洗涤四种用水的功能。卫生间是否舒适并非单纯面积大小的问题,而是看它的0布局是否合理,能否提供有效率使用的空间。SOLO的整体面积较小,通常卫生间面积分配指标为 3~4m 之间,是户型中唯一全部封闭的空间。按照建设部颁布的《住宅设计规范》中规定,只放便器的卫生间面积最小可做到 1.1m,有便器和洗面器的最小 2m,有便器和洗浴器的最小 2.5m,三件都有的最小 3m。SOLO的卫生间面积符合《规范》中同时具有三件设备的面积标准,可以量身定做的整体浴室使在小面积的卫生间也能拥有高质量的洗浴环境成为能。
sar理论(支撑体理论):目前最为成熟的可变性住宅理论,由荷兰的建筑研究机构Stichting Achitecture Research于70年代便已提出。SAR理论适应了当时荷兰低收入阶层的住房需要,因此在实践中得到一定发展。后来就任于麻省理工大学建筑学院院长的哈布拉肯注意到这个理论,并将其应用到美国公共住房的维护。后来随着开放建筑期刊的开设,SAR理论得到进一步发展。
一、SI住宅的定义
在 SI中,S(skeleton)即骨架体(支撑体);(infill)即填充体(内装体)。所谓 SI是指由骨架体和填充体完全分离的一种施工方法建造的住宅,我们叫 SI住宅,也称为可变住宅、开放住宅等。"S"骨架体中包括了承重结构中的柱、梁、楼板及承重墙;公用的生活管线(给水至户表,排水至户集管,煤气、强电至户表,弱电至分户端子)公用设备(电梯、水泵等);公用走廊;公用楼梯;门厅;大堂。是 SI住宅的不可变部分,坚固、耐久。"I"填充体包括了住户的户内装修;户内给水、排水、煤气、强电、弱电等设施管线卫生洁具、厨房设备;户门、窗;非承重外墙和分户墙。可根据住户需要自由变更(见图 1)。
住宅的可变性是指住宅建筑在部分结构不动的条件下改变局部而获得新的居住空间的特性。住宅的可变性由来已久,中国传统的木构架建筑,柱子承重,墙体不承重在结构上柱子和墙体是分开的,这就为室内空间灵活分割提供了可能。SI住宅起源于工业革命的现代主义建筑钢、玻璃和混凝土等新材料和新技术的应用使住宅摆脱了住宅墙承重的结构形式。由于住房并不像其他商品可以轻易购买,在生命循环的影响下,住宅的可变设计也显得很重要。住宅的可变设计,适应了社会发展的需要,满足了不同住户
不同时期的动态需求。
1. 不同规模和用途
SI住宅变化的可能性在住宅空间本身主体上不改变的情况下,为了能适应不同空间使用规模,不同使用功能,将空间划分成多个单元。其每个单元都可以独立地存在,有多样化的空间布局,同时随着用户对空间要求的增加与减小,可以自由地组合,将几个或多个单元组合在一起,进行重新划分与装修,每个房间都可以进行功能的置换。更进一步地考虑,若干年以后,由于城市的发展,街区功能的变化,SI住宅不仅可供家庭居住,也可用于大学生的集体宿舍、医生诊所、小型工作室、商铺等(见图 3)。
2.不同的住户对住宅使用要求不同
现在到处可以看到,住户在搬入新的住宅前,自行装修情况相当普遍,要求因人而异千变万化,开凿墙体影响承重结构的情况时有发生说明住户的使用要求不同,同时也说明住户对房间布置不够满意,过多的承重墙及抗震墙限制了用户的不同要求,越来越多的住户要求可以灵活分割的住宅。此外家庭生活方式复杂多样化形成差异及个性化需要,表现出对住宅划分的不同要求。
3.住户本身的家庭结构及生命循环发展变化
随着社会的发展,时间的推移,家庭结构由"宗族"大家庭分化成由两代人组成的"核心家庭"并呈小型化的发展趋势,同时人们对居住的需求随着结婚、生育、衰老、死亡的家庭微观生命循环而发生周期性变化,随着年龄的增长而产生的生理及心理变化直接影响居住需求,尤其是对卧室的要求,根据住宅的生理分室要求儿童 6~7岁与父母分室,12~14岁以上异性分室。随着年龄的增加有增加卧室的要求,而一旦子女离开父母独立生活又有减少卧室的要求。在这种生命循环的影响下,住宅的可变设计就显得非常重要(见图 4),可以使住宅的功能依据需要发生变化,最大限度地发挥住宅的作用。
4.昼夜对居住需求不同的可变性
因为昼夜对居住需求的不同,在平面布局上做相应的循环调整,使空间的利用率提高。这种设计手法注重平面使用功能上的重叠。SI住宅所特有的空间转换原则是建立在隔间拉门水平移动的基础上,通过拉门的平移来达成经常性空间组合的变化。从日式住宅传承来的拉门元素迎合了现代的空间理论:拉门不仅是墙面大型的开口,而且亦可取代墙的作用 (见图 5)。
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